Israel Accused of Using White Phosphorus in Lebanon, Violating International Law
The Israeli military is facing accusations from Human Rights Watch (HRW) of unlawfully using artillery-fired white phosphorus munitions in residential areas of southern Lebanon. The alleged use occurred on March 3, 2026, in the town of Yohmor [1]. This has raised concerns about civilian safety and potential violations of international humanitarian law.
What is White Phosphorus and Why is it Controversial?
White phosphorus is primarily used to create smoke screens, obscuring troop movements and making it difficult for enemies to target them [1]. When it comes into contact with oxygen, it ignites and produces a dense, white smoke. Yet, it is also highly toxic and can cause severe burns if it comes into contact with skin. Residues left on the ground can also re-ignite, posing a continued threat.
While the use of white phosphorus itself isn’t explicitly illegal, its deployment in populated areas is heavily restricted. International law prohibits attacks that are expected to cause disproportionate harm to civilians [1].
HRW’s Findings and Israeli Response
HRW claims to have verified the use of white phosphorus through seven photographs taken in Yohmor [1]. The organization has not yet confirmed whether civilians were present in the area or if any injuries have occurred.
The Israeli military (IDF) has stated they are unfamiliar with the use of white phosphorus grenades and are reviewing the visual material provided by HRW before commenting further. They maintain that the primary smoke grenades they use do not contain phosphorus, but acknowledge that some smoke grenades may have similar appearances [1].
Previous Allegations and International Law
This is not the first time Israel has faced accusations of using white phosphorus in conflict zones. HRW previously warned about its use during the bombing of Gaza and Lebanon in 2023 [1].
HRW argues that Israel’s actions violate the principles of international humanitarian law, specifically the Geneva Conventions and the protocol on the use of firearms, which aims to protect civilians during armed conflict [1]. While Israel has not signed this particular protocol, HRW asserts that the principles of protecting civilians are customary international law.
Escalating Conflict in Lebanon
The recent exchange of fire between Israel and Hezbollah, triggered by the assassination of a high-ranking Iranian official, has led to increased tensions and casualties in Lebanon. As of reports from March 4, 2026, 394 people have been killed in Lebanon as a result of the ongoing conflict [2]. Lebanon’s Health Minister has stated that these casualties are primarily civilians.
The IDF claims to be targeting Hezbollah and its infrastructure, and asserts they are taking measures to minimize civilian harm [2].