Deadly Fungus Cluster at Sydney Hospital Raises Concerns

A cluster of fungal infections linked to the Aspergillus mold has resulted in two deaths and left four patients seriously ill at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (RPA) in Sydney, Australia. The outbreak, which occurred between October and December 2025, has prompted investigations into potential sources, including ongoing hospital construction.

What is Aspergillus?

Aspergillus is a common mold found in various environments, including soil, plants, dust and damp areas . While typically harmless to individuals with healthy immune systems, it can cause a respiratory disease called aspergillosis, affecting approximately 250,000 people worldwide.

How Does Infection Occur?

The fungus spreads through airborne spores, easily inhaled by humans. Once in the lungs, these spores can damage tissue and, in severe cases, spread to other organs like the brain, heart, kidneys, and skin .

Symptoms of Aspergillus Infection

Common symptoms include:

• Fever
• Cough
• Chest pain
• Shortness of breath
• Coughing up blood
• Skin or eye infections

Who is at Risk?

Individuals with weakened immune systems are particularly vulnerable to Aspergillus infections. This includes:

• Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy
• People using immunosuppressant medications
• Organ or stem cell transplant recipients
• Patients with asthma, cystic fibrosis, or other chronic lung diseases

Organ transplant patients are at heightened risk due to the intentional suppression of their immune systems to prevent organ rejection.

Investigation and Hospital Response

Sydney Local Health District (SLHD) is investigating the cluster of infections at RPA’s transplant unit and acknowledges the possibility that the $940 million hospital redevelopment project may be linked to the outbreak . Environmental testing completed in January 2026 revealed extensive mold, including Aspergillus/Penicillium, on at least four floors of the hospital, likely caused by water damage from heavy rain . Mould was found in areas including the auditorium, ambulance drop-off area, early pregnancy assessment service, plant rooms, ceiling vents in post-natal and staff areas .

Treatment and Future Concerns

Aspergillus infections are typically treated with antifungal medications, with early detection improving the chances of a successful outcome. Though, scientists are increasingly concerned about the emergence of drug-resistant strains . While hospitals often utilize advanced air filtration systems, such as HEPA filters, construction and excavation can release fungal spores into the air, increasing the risk of infection in vulnerable environments.

Key Takeaways

• Aspergillus is a common mold that can cause serious infections in individuals with weakened immune systems.
• The recent outbreak at RPA highlights the importance of infection control measures, particularly during hospital construction and redevelopment.
• Early detection and treatment of Aspergillus infections are crucial for improving patient outcomes.