Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): What to Know About the Spreading Virus

A respiratory virus, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), is currently circulating in the United States, with increasing cases reported since the fall of 2025. While often mild, HMPV can pose a risk to young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems. Health officials are monitoring the spread, as there is currently no vaccine or specific treatment available.

What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a common virus that causes respiratory illness. It was first identified in 2001 and belongs to the Pneumoviridae family, which also includes respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) [1]. HMPV infections are most frequently seen during winter and spring [1], [2], and [3].

Symptoms of HMPV

Symptoms of HMPV are similar to those of a common cold or the flu and can include:

• Cough
• Fever
• Nasal congestion
• Shortness of breath

In some cases, HMPV can lead to more severe complications such as bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma attacks, ear infections, or croup [1]. Adults with chronic lung conditions, like COPD, may experience worsened symptoms [1].

Who is at Risk?

While anyone can contract HMPV, certain groups are at higher risk of severe illness:

• Young children: Especially those under one year of age.
• Older adults: Particularly those with underlying health conditions.
• Individuals with weakened immune systems: Due to illness or medical treatment.

How Does HMPV Spread?

HMPV spreads through:

• Person-to-person contact
• Contact with contaminated surfaces

Diagnosis and Treatment

Healthcare providers can test for HMPV, but testing is not always necessary [1]. Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for HMPV. Most people recover with rest and fluids. Severe cases may require hospitalization for supportive care, such as oxygen therapy.

Prevention

As there is no vaccine for HMPV, prevention relies on good hygiene practices:

• Wash your hands frequently with soap and water.
• Disinfect frequently touched surfaces.
• Cover your coughs and sneezes.
• Stay home when you are sick.
• Consider wearing a mask around vulnerable individuals.

HMPV and RSV Co-circulation

Researchers have observed changes in the circulation patterns of HMPV and RSV. During the 2020-2021 respiratory virus season, circulation of both viruses declined significantly with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic [3]. More recently, RSV seasons have begun earlier than usual, and HMPV circulation has returned to typical patterns, peaking in the spring [3].

Key Takeaways

• HMPV is a common respiratory virus that can cause mild to severe illness.
• Young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems are most at risk.
• There is no vaccine or specific treatment for HMPV; prevention focuses on hygiene.
• HMPV typically circulates during winter and spring.

If you experience severe respiratory symptoms, such as difficulty breathing or chest pain, seek medical attention immediately.