Understanding Stomach Cancer: Risks, Symptoms, and Prevention

Stomach cancer, a significant health concern globally and particularly in Asia, remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. While rates have declined in the U.S., certain populations, including Korean Americans, face a disproportionately higher risk. Early detection through regular screenings is crucial, as treatment outcomes are significantly improved when the cancer is identified in its early stages.

The Global Landscape of Stomach Cancer

Worldwide, gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death . In 2022, Korea’s annual stomach cancer incidence rate was 27 cases per 100,000 people, ranking third globally after Mongolia and Japan . From 1999 to 2018, stomach cancer was the most common cancer in South Korea .

Who is at Risk?

Several factors contribute to an increased risk of stomach cancer:

• Genetics and Family History: A family history of stomach cancer can increase your risk.
• Diet: A diet high in spicy and salty foods is a contributing factor .
• Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) Infection: This bacterial infection is a major cause of stomach cancer, particularly in Korea, increasing the risk sixfold .
• Smoking and Alcohol Consumption: These habits are also linked to an increased risk.
• Ethnicity: Korean, Vietnamese, Japanese, and Chinese individuals have a substantially higher risk compared to non-Hispanic whites. Korean people, for instance, have a 13 times higher risk, while Vietnamese people have a 7 times higher risk .

Symptoms of Stomach Cancer

Stomach cancer often progresses without noticeable symptoms in its early stages, making early detection challenging. Common symptoms, when they appear, include:

• Indigestion
• Weight loss
• Anemia
• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) – experienced by approximately 7.8% of patients .

Early-stage symptoms can mimic other gastrointestinal disorders, highlighting the importance of regular screenings.

Early Detection and Screening

Early detection is paramount, with a cure rate of up to 90% when stomach cancer is identified early . Countries like Japan and Korea have national stomach cancer screening programs due to the high incidence rates . From 2022 to 2024, over 72,000 people underwent gastric endoscopy screenings at GangNeung Asan Hospital, leading to the early detection and treatment of 83 cases .

Types of Stomach Cancer

Gastric cancer encompasses various types, including gastric adenocarcinoma (the most common), gastric lymphoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and carcinoid tumor .

The Role of H. Pylori

Helicobacter pylori infection is a significant contributor to stomach cancer rates, particularly in Korea . Infection can occur through contaminated water or food, and even between family members sharing eating habits.

Looking Ahead

Given the high incidence rates in certain populations and the often-silent nature of early-stage stomach cancer, continued emphasis on regular screenings, awareness of risk factors, and proactive health management are essential for reducing the burden of this disease.