Gender Gap in Australian National Security Perceptions
A recent study by the Australian National University’s (ANU) National Security College (NSC) reveals a significant gender gap in how Australians perceive and engage with national security issues. While both men and women express concerns about the country’s security environment, the study highlights differences in framing these concerns and, crucially, in women’s self-perceived expertise on the topic. The findings underscore the need to broaden perspectives and diversify voices within Australia’s national security sector.
Differing Frames of National Security
The research indicates that men tend to define national security in traditional terms, focusing on war, terrorism, intelligence and geopolitical competition. Women, while also acknowledging these threats, are more likely to broaden the definition to include issues like climate change, social cohesion, and community wellbeing. Women also tend to interpret security through the lens of local and lived experiences, rather than abstract geopolitical concepts.
A Gap in Perceived Authority
Perhaps the most striking finding is a substantial gap in self-reported knowledge. The NSC survey reveals that 46% of men believe they understand national security issues, compared to only 23% of women – a 23-point difference. This disparity isn’t necessarily a reflection of competence, but rather a perceived lack of authority. The study found that women often demonstrated sophisticated analysis, connecting global risks to their families and communities, yet underestimated their own understanding.
Implications for Australia’s Security Capacity
This gender gap has direct implications for Australia’s national security capacity. As calls for increased self-reliance and defence investment grow, a broader and more diverse national security workforce is essential. However, women are currently underrepresented in defence and security sectors. As of 2024, women comprise only 20.7% of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) workforce [1], with even fewer – around 18.5% – in leadership positions [1].
Societal Perceptions and Workforce Shortfalls
The study suggests that the problem extends beyond workplace conditions. Wider societal perceptions about who belongs in national security contribute to the underrepresentation of women. If women do not perceive their knowledge and perspectives as relevant, they may be less likely to pursue careers in the field, particularly in defence where traditional gender assumptions persist.
Global Backlash Against Gender Equality
These challenges are unfolding against a backdrop of a global backlash against gender equality initiatives. The United Nations has warned of an “escalating backlash” [2] against women’s rights, potentially leading to stagnation or even regression in the women, peace, and security agenda.
Addressing Emerging Threats
The NSC survey found that the issues women identify as most likely and most catastrophic – such as climate change and social fragmentation – are also areas where Australia is least prepared. These domains often don’t fit neatly within traditional security frameworks, and women’s voices are often marginalized in these discussions.
Reframing National Security
Broadening consultation, diversifying voices, and reframing security to include non-traditional concerns are essential steps. The challenge lies not only in bringing more women into existing structures but in rethinking those structures themselves – including how authority is constructed and what “security” is understood to mean. Until this happens, Australia risks overlooking the expertise and lived experiences of half its population.
This article is part of an existing research project on gender and national security in Australia led by Maria Rost Rublee, Sarah Percy, Danielle Chubb and the authors.
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