China has brought eight Type 093B, or Shang III, nuclear-powered attack submarines into service in less than four years, Interesting Engineering reported on November 13 based on a presentation by Rear Adm. Chris Cavanaugh.
The US Navy faces a growing underwater challenge in the Pacific as China expands its nuclear-powered submarine fleet and Russia invests in advanced strategic weapons. Cavanaugh, commander of Submarine Forces, US Pacific Fleet, outlined these threats during the Navy Submarine League’s 2026 Annual Symposium.
US assessments indicate Chinese shipyards could sustain a similar production pace for another decade, adding 20 to 40 Shang III or improved submarines. The expansion includes improved acoustic quieting, propulsion changes, and 24 vertical launch cells for missiles.
China is also developing the Type 095 nuclear-powered guided-missile submarine and the Type 096 ballistic missile submarine. These vessels strengthen Beijing’s second-strike capability and sea-based nuclear deterrent.
Ocean Floor Mapping Operations
China’s undersea ambitions extend beyond warships into extensive oceanographic research and seabed mapping. Cavanaugh highlighted increased investments in unmanned underwater vehicles and supporting infrastructure that give submarines better understanding of ocean currents and temperature layers.
A Reuters investigation documented research and monitoring operations around Taiwan, the Philippines, Guam, and Hawaii. Military experts told Reuters that data from these scientific operations helps prepare for moving submarines and hiding them.
Russian Underwater Threats
Russia presents a different undersea challenge in the Pacific with its Borei-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, including newer Project 955A vessels. Cavanaugh pointed to Yasen-class guided-missile submarines that carry a combination of cruise and advanced missiles.
Moscow is also developing Poseidon, a nuclear-powered and nuclear-armed autonomous underwater vehicle also known as Status-6. The system operates at long ranges for strategic nuclear operations.
North Korean Submarine Program
North Korea adds another layer of uncertainty to the regional security environment. Pyongyang has revealed designs for a new nuclear-powered submarine while claiming advances in torpedo technology.
The US Navy remains cautious about the operational capability of these announcements. Actual performance and system maturity have not been independently established.
Regional Defense Challenges
Growth in adversary submarine fleets makes it harder for the US Navy to maintain awareness across the Pacific. Cavanaugh warned that maintaining sensors, infrastructure, and fleet capacity remains critical to tracking the expanding fleets.