the research is the first U.S. study to examine and document the use of brominated flame retardants in firefighter turnout gear,which is worn during emergency responses. The findings may influence how fire departments decide whether to continue using existing equipment or invest in replacements.

Structural firefighters – those working in the built environment – rely on turnout gear made up of three distinct layers. These include a flame-resistant outer shell, a middle moisture barrier that blocks germs while allowing airflow, and an inner lining designed to help regulate body temperature.

According to lead author Heather Stapleton, Ronie-Richele Garcia-Johnson Distinguished Professor at Duke University’s Nicholas School of the Environment, manufacturers apply chemical treatments to these garments to ensure they meet strict safety standards set by the National Fire Protection Association.

PFAS Concerns raise New Questions

For several years, firefighters have expressed concern about the presence of PFAS in turnout gear. These chemicals repel oil and water and can also contribute to flame resistance. Numerous studies involving humans and animals have linked PFAS exposure to health problems, including certain cancers.

While no studies have directly connected PFAS-treated turnout gear to health outcomes in firefighters, manufacturers have begun moving away from these chemicals. Multiple states have also passed laws banning the purchase of PFAS-treated turnout gear starting in 2027.

as PFAS are phased out, attention has turned to what substances may be taking their place. Manufacturers do not typically disclose the chemical ingredients used in turnout gear treatments.

“Ther was a rumor that one of the turnout gear manufacturers might be using brominated flame retardants in the non-PFAS treated textiles,” Stapleton said. “As some brominated flame retardants have known toxicity, I requested a sample of the gear in question to test.”

Why Brominated Flame Retardants Matter

Brominated flame retardants are commonly added to fabrics and other products to reduce how easily they ignite. Exposure to these chemicals has been linked to health concerns including cancer, thyroid disease, and problems with brain advancement.

Stapleton’s initial testing confirmed the presence of brominated flame retardants in the turnout gear sample. This led to a broader study conducted in collaboration with researchers at North Carolina State University’s Wilson College of Textiles and the International association of Fire Fighters. The goal was to examine how often PFAS and brominated flame retardants appeared in turnout gear made during different time periods.

Peeling Back the Layers

The research team analyzed nine sets of used turnout gear manufactured between 2013 and 2020, along with three sets produced in 2024 that were marketed as non-PFAS.