Norovirus Surge: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

As winter progresses, cases of norovirus, often called the “stomach bug,” are on the rise across the United States. This highly contagious virus can cause unpleasant symptoms, but understanding how to manage it and prevent its spread is key. Here’s what you need to know, according to infectious disease experts.

What is Norovirus?

Norovirus is an intestinal virus that causes vomiting and diarrhea. While typically lasting only one to three days, it can lead to dehydration if fluids are lost. According to Dr. William Schaffner, a professor of infectious diseases at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, norovirus is responsible for 99% of stomach bug cases during this season.

How Does Norovirus Spread?

Norovirus is exceptionally contagious. It takes as few as 100 viral particles to cause illness, and infected individuals can shed billions of particles through vomit and feces. The virus spreads through direct contact with infected people, contaminated food or liquids, or by touching contaminated surfaces. It can survive on surfaces for days or even weeks.

How to Treat a Stomach Bug Quickly

Unfortunately, there is no specific cure or vaccine for norovirus. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing dehydration. Here’s what doctors recommend:

• Take Small Sips of Liquids: Staying hydrated is crucial. Dr. Schaffner advises taking small sips of fluids to avoid triggering vomiting.
• Replenish Electrolytes: Drinks containing electrolytes, like sports drinks or watered-down juices, can help restore lost fluids and glucose levels.
• Acetaminophen for Fever and Pain: If you can keep it down, acetaminophen (Tylenol) can help manage fever and aches. Avoid nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen, as they can cause stomach irritation.
• Eat Bland Foods: If your stomach can tolerate it, focus on bland foods like bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast (the BRAT diet) until nausea and vomiting subside.

If you are unable to keep down liquids for a day or two, Dr. Schaffner notes that you’ll be okay with just liquids, unless you have medical conditions requiring food intake.

How to Avoid Norovirus

Preventing the spread of norovirus involves practicing good hygiene:

• Wash Your Hands Often: Thorough handwashing is essential.
• Cook Shellfish Thoroughly: Ensure shellfish is fully cooked.
• Wash Produce: Wash fruits and vegetables carefully.
• Disinfect Surfaces: Clean and disinfect contaminated surfaces.
• Wash Laundry in Hot Water: Use hot water when washing laundry.
• Stay Home When Sick: Isolate yourself for 48 hours after symptoms have stopped.

When to See a Doctor

Most people recover within one to three days. However, seek medical attention if you experience persistent vomiting and diarrhea, severe weakness, or if you are an older adult. Doctors may administer IV fluids and antiemetic medication to stop vomiting. The primary concern is dehydration.

To prevent further spread, Dr. Schaffner recommends that family members maintain distance from the infected individual, as vomiting can create an aerosol of the virus.