Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Treatments and Future Directions

Alzheimer’s disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions worldwide. While a cure remains elusive, significant advancements in treatment are offering hope for slowing disease progression and managing symptoms. This article provides a comprehensive overview of current medication options, non-drug approaches, and ongoing research efforts.

Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, eventually impacting the ability to carry out simple tasks. More than 6.5 million Americans are currently living with the disease. A defining feature of Alzheimer’s is the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.

Disease-Modifying Drugs: Targeting the Underlying Biology

Recent breakthroughs have led to the approval of disease-modifying drugs that address the underlying pathology of Alzheimer’s disease. These medications aim to remove amyloid plaques from the brain, potentially slowing cognitive decline.

Lecanemab (Leqembi)

Lecanemab (Leqembi) received traditional FDA approval in July 2023 after demonstrating clinical benefit in a Phase 3 clinical trial. It is indicated for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease in adults with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia, confirmed by elevated beta-amyloid in the brain . Leqembi is administered via intravenous (IV) infusion . In August 2025, the FDA approved a subcutaneous formulation of lecanemab .

Donanemab (Kisunla)

Donanemab has also received traditional FDA approval to treat early Alzheimer’s disease. Like lecanemab, it targets and removes beta-amyloid from the brain.

Essential Note: Both lecanemab and donanemab can cause side effects, including brain swelling and bleeding. Careful monitoring is essential during treatment.

Medications for Symptom Management

While disease-modifying drugs address the underlying pathology, several medications can facilitate manage the cognitive and behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

Cognitive Enhancers

These drugs function by altering levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, potentially improving cognitive function:

• Donepezil (Aricept)
• Galantamine (Razadyne)
• Rivastigmine (Exelon)
• Memantine (Namenda)
• Donepezil and memantine (Namzaric)

Behavioral Symptom Management

Medications may also be prescribed to address behavioral symptoms such as depression, aggression, restlessness, and anxiety:

• Brexpiprazole (Rexulti) – approved for agitation
• Suvorexant (Belsomra) – approved for insomnia

Nondrug Approaches and Supportive Care

Alongside medication, a variety of nondrug approaches can significantly enhance the quality of life for individuals with Alzheimer’s disease:

• Support Groups: Provide emotional support and practical advice for both patients and caregivers.
• Social Engagement: Activities like social outings and dancing can combine social, mental, and physical stimulation.
• Psychotherapy: Can be helpful in the earlier stages of the disease for coping with the diagnosis.

Complementary Treatments: What Does the Evidence Say?

Many herbal remedies, dietary supplements, and “medical foods” are marketed for Alzheimer’s disease. Though, there is currently no scientific proof that these products are effective. For example, claims regarding the benefits of coconut oil for brain health lack supporting research.

Following a healthy diet overall may reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia.

Ongoing Research and Future Directions

Research into modern Alzheimer’s treatments is ongoing, with scientists exploring various interventions. While many promising drug candidates have failed in clinical trials, efforts continue to identify effective therapies.

Key Takeaways

• Lecanemab (Leqembi) and donanemab are the first disease-modifying drugs to receive traditional FDA approval for Alzheimer’s disease.
• Medications are available to manage both cognitive and behavioral symptoms.
• Nondrug approaches, such as support groups and social engagement, are crucial for improving quality of life.
• A healthy lifestyle may reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.