What Happens Inside the Brain During a Concussion?
A concussion is a functional brain injury caused by a blow to the head or body that causes the brain to move rapidly inside the skull, according to Dr. Matthew Apicella, a sports medicine and concussion specialist at NYU Langone Health. This movement disrupts normal brain function, leading to a “energy demand crisis” as blood flow and metabolic processes are altered. The injury is not structural but functional, meaning it affects how the brain operates rather than its physical makeup.
How Has Concussion Treatment Evolved Over Time?
Since Taylor Twellman, a former U.S. soccer star, sustained his first concussion at 17, protocols for diagnosing and managing head injuries have improved significantly. Twellman, now founder of ThinkTaylor, an organization focused on concussion awareness, recalls that in the 1990s, there were no standardized procedures for addressing such injuries. Today, advancements include improved diagnostic tools, return-to-play guidelines, and greater public awareness. However, challenges remain in ensuring consistent application across all levels of sport.
What Are the Long-Term Risks of Repeated Concussions?
Research increasingly links repeated head trauma to long-term cognitive and mental health issues, including memory loss, depression, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). A 2021 study published in JAMA Neurology found that athletes with a history of multiple concussions were at higher risk for neurodegenerative diseases. Twellman, who has experienced seven soccer-related concussions, describes post-concussion syndrome as an “injury that takes away what you take for granted,” citing ongoing struggles with headaches, vertigo, and exercise intolerance.
Why Is Heading the Ball Controversial in Soccer?
Heading the ball, a common practice in soccer, has drawn scrutiny due to its potential to cause head trauma. In the U.S., the U.S. Soccer Federation banned heading for players under 11 and restricted it for those aged 11–13, according to the organization. Dr. Apicella notes that safer techniques are being taught to reduce risk, but concerns persist about cumulative exposure. The 2014 World Cup final, where German player Christoph Kramer suffered a severe concussion, sparked global discussions about the sport’s safety protocols.
What Steps Can Athletes Take to Protect Their Brains?
Dr. Apicella emphasizes that strong neck muscles can help mitigate the force of impacts, reducing concussion risk. He also highlights the importance of the American Heart Association’s Life’s Essential 8, which includes exercise, nutrition, and sleep. “Sleep is particularly critical,” he explains, as it allows the brain to clear toxins through the glymphatic system. Twellman adds that education for parents and athletes is vital to fostering safe participation in contact sports.
What Are the Latest Advances in Concussion Research?
Dr. Apicella anticipates breakthroughs in blood biomarkers for concussion diagnosis and recovery monitoring. While these tools are not yet widely used, they represent a promising shift toward personalized care. “We’re moving toward data-driven approaches,” he says. Meanwhile, Twellman advocates for continued advocacy, stating, “My legacy isn’t about goals—it’s about starting conversations about brain health.”