Blood in Urine (Hematuria): Causes, Symptoms, and When to See a Doctor

Seeing blood in your urine can be alarming, but it doesn’t always indicate a serious problem. Hematuria, the medical term for blood in the urine, is a relatively common diagnosis, with researchers estimating that at least 1 in 5 people evaluated by a urologist are diagnosed with it.¹ Understanding the potential causes, recognizing the symptoms, and knowing when to seek medical attention are crucial steps in addressing this condition.

What is Hematuria?

Hematuria refers to the presence of blood in the urine. There are two main types:

• Gross Hematuria: Visible blood in the urine, making it appear pink, red, or brown. Even a tiny amount of blood can change the color of urine.³
• Microscopic Hematuria: Blood in the urine that isn’t visible to the naked eye, but is detected during a urine test (urinalysis) or under a microscope.³

Urine is produced in the kidneys, travels through the ureters to the bladder, and then exits the body through the urethra. Blood can originate from any part of this urinary tract.³

Who is at Risk for Hematuria?

Certain factors can increase your likelihood of developing hematuria:

• Enlarged Prostate (BPH): Common in older men.³
• Cancer: Cancer of the prostate, kidney, bladder, or other parts of the urinary tract.³
• Kidney Stones: Calculi in the urinary tract.³
• Medications: Blood thinners, antibiotics, and pain relievers like aspirin.³
• Strenuous Exercise: Long-distance running or other intense physical activity.³
• Infections: Recent bacterial or viral infections, such as streptococcus or hepatitis.³
• Kidney Disease: Specifically, glomerulonephritis.³

Symptoms of Hematuria

The most noticeable symptom of gross hematuria is the visible presence of blood in the urine, causing it to appear pink, red, or brown.³ In most cases, gross hematuria doesn’t cause pain.² But, if blood clots are passed, it can be painful.²

Microscopic hematuria typically has no symptoms and is only discovered during a routine medical exam or urine test.³

Common Causes of Hematuria

While hematuria can be a sign of a serious condition, it’s often caused by less severe issues:

• Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): A frequent cause, often accompanied by frequent urination, pain during urination, and a feeling of incomplete bladder emptying.¹
• Kidney Stones: Can cause bleeding as they move through the urinary tract.
• Prostate Problems: Enlargement or infection of the prostate gland.
• Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units.
• Trauma: Injury to the kidneys or bladder.

When to See a Doctor

It’s important to consult a healthcare provider if you notice any blood in your urine, even if it’s a one-time occurrence.² Seek immediate medical attention if you experience hematuria accompanied by:

• Severe pain in your back or side
• Fever
• Difficulty urinating
• Nausea or vomiting

Diagnosing Hematuria

A doctor will likely perform a physical exam and order several tests to determine the cause of hematuria, including:

• Urinalysis: To confirm the presence of blood and check for signs of infection.
• Blood Tests: To assess kidney function and check for other potential causes.
• Imaging Tests: Such as a CT scan or MRI, to visualize the kidneys and urinary tract.
• Cystoscopy: A procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the bladder to examine its lining.

Treating Hematuria

Treatment for hematuria depends on the underlying cause. For example, a UTI will be treated with antibiotics, while kidney stones may require pain medication, increased fluid intake, or even surgical intervention.³

Key Takeaways

• Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine and can be visible (gross) or detected only through testing (microscopic).
• Many factors can cause hematuria, ranging from UTIs to more serious conditions like cancer.
• It’s crucial to see a doctor to determine the cause of hematuria and receive appropriate treatment.

Disclaimer: This article provides general information and should not be considered medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.

¹ Doctronic.ai: Blood in Your Urine? Here’s What It Could Signal

² Mayo Clinic: Blood in urine (hematuria) – Symptoms and causes

³ NIDDK: Hematuria (Blood in the Urine)