Critically Endangered Hainan Hare Spotted After Four Decades

For the first time in four decades, scientists have confirmed a sighting of the critically endangered Hainan hare (Lepus hainanus) in a previously unrecorded part of its native range – discovered as roadkill along a roadside. The finding offers a glimmer of hope for the survival of this elusive species, but also highlights the ongoing threats to its existence.

Rediscovery in Northeastern Hainan

Researchers from the Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden (KFBG) encountered the flattened carcass whereas conducting fieldwork on Hainan Island, China, in December 2024. Despite the severe damage, they immediately identified it as a Hainan hare, a species endemic to the island and among the least studied lagomorphs – the group encompassing rabbits, hares, and pikas. The sighting occurred approximately 125 miles (200 kilometers) from the species’ only currently known range in the island’s northeast, according to a study published December 15, 2025, in the journal Mammalia.

A Species on the Brink

The Hainan hare is currently listed as “critically endangered” on China’s Red List, reflecting its precarious status. Historically, the species was widespread and abundant across Hainan’s coastal lowlands. In the 1950s, the population was estimated at around 10,000 individuals. However, a dramatic decline occurred in the 1970s and 1980s due to habitat loss and hunting for its meat and fur. A 2008 report estimated the remaining population to be between 250 and 500 individuals.

Current Distribution and Threats

Currently, the Hainan hare primarily survives in the Datian National Nature Reserve. However, even within the reserve, sightings are infrequent. A recent survey covering much of the hare’s historical range in western and northwestern Hainan documented only one live individual, indicating a continued decline. The primary threats to the Hainan hare remain habitat loss due to agricultural expansion and urban development. The species’ preference for lowland habitats outside protected areas also contributes to its vulnerability.

The Significance of the Recent Sighting

“It provides hope for this nationally critically endangered species as its current range is wider than previously known,” explained Michael Hui, a conservation officer with KFBG and the study’s first author, in an email to Live Science. “However, our article also provided updated information regarding the species’ stronghold in the western region, which is not as secure as traditionally assumed.”

The Need for Conservation Efforts

The researchers emphasize the importance of a comprehensive, island-wide survey to accurately assess the current population status, distribution, and threats facing the Hainan hare. Every record, even incidental ones like the recent roadkill, can provide valuable data to inform future conservation strategies. The elusive nature of L. Hainanus, coupled with its nocturnal habits and preference for unprotected lowland habitats, underscores the need for increased research and conservation attention.