Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): What You Need to Know

As we head into late winter and spring, a familiar yet often overlooked respiratory virus is gaining traction: human metapneumovirus (HMPV). Whereas less widely known than its relatives RSV and COVID-19, HMPV is causing a significant number of respiratory infections, particularly among young children, older adults and those with weakened immune systems. Here’s a comprehensive seem at HMPV, including its symptoms, how it spreads, and what you can do to protect yourself and your family.

What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a virus that causes respiratory illness in people of all ages. Discovered in 2001, it belongs to the Pneumoviridae family, the same family as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) [CDC]. HMPV is seasonal, with infections most common during winter and spring [CDC]. It can cause both upper and lower respiratory tract infections.

Symptoms of HMPV

The symptoms of HMPV are similar to those of other common respiratory viruses, including:

• Cough
• Fever
• Nasal congestion
• Shortness of breath

In some individuals, these symptoms can progress to more severe conditions such as bronchitis, pneumonia, or bronchiolitis [CDC], [UC Davis Health]. Other potential complications include asthma attacks, reactive airway disease, middle ear infections, and croup [CDC].

How Does HMPV Spread?

HMPV spreads in a similar manner to other respiratory viruses:

• Through direct or close contact with an infected person
• Exposure to respiratory droplets produced during coughing or sneezing
• Contact with contaminated surfaces (fomites) and then touching the mouth, nose, or eyes [UC Davis Health].

Who is at Risk?

While anyone can contract HMPV, certain groups are at higher risk of developing severe illness:

• Young children, especially those under 2 years of age
• Older adults (65 years and older)
• Individuals with weakened immune systems
• People with chronic lung or heart conditions [UC Davis Health].

Diagnosis and Treatment

Healthcare providers can test for HMPV, but currently, there is no specific treatment for the virus [CDC]. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may include rest, fluids, and over-the-counter medications to relieve fever and pain.

Prevention

Preventing the spread of HMPV involves practicing good hygiene:

• Wash your hands frequently with soap and water.
• Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces.
• Avoid close contact with people who are sick.
• Cover your coughs and sneezes.
• Stay home when you are sick to prevent spreading the virus to others [CDC].

Current Trends

HMPV cases are currently rising in the United States, with particularly high concentrations detected in wastewater in areas like Northern California, Novel York City, and Chicago [UC Davis Health], [USA Today]. The CDC reports that HMPV accounted for around five percent of all respiratory infections in the week ending February 21st [USA Today].

Key Takeaways

• HMPV is a common respiratory virus that can cause mild to severe illness.
• Symptoms are similar to those of other respiratory viruses, such as cough, fever, and nasal congestion.
• There is currently no vaccine or specific treatment for HMPV.
• Prevention relies on good hygiene practices.
• Individuals at higher risk include young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems.