Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): What You Demand to Know

As the spring season approaches, a lesser-known respiratory virus is gaining traction across the United States: human metapneumovirus (HMPV). While often mild, HMPV can cause significant illness, particularly in vulnerable populations. Here’s a comprehensive look at this virus, its symptoms, how it spreads and what you can do to protect yourself and your family.

What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a common respiratory virus first discovered in 2001. It belongs to the Pneumoviridae family, which also includes respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) [1]. HMPV can cause both upper and lower respiratory tract infections in people of all ages, but it most commonly affects young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems [1].

Symptoms of HMPV

The symptoms of HMPV are similar to those of other respiratory viruses, such as the common cold or flu. Common symptoms include:

• Cough
• Fever
• Nasal congestion
• Shortness of breath

In some cases, HMPV can lead to more severe complications, including:

• Bronchitis
• Pneumonia
• Asthma attacks and reactive airway disease (wheezing, difficulty breathing)
• Middle ear infections
• Croup (“barking” cough)

Adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may experience complications, and older adults or those with weakened immune systems are at risk of developing pneumonia [1].

How Does HMPV Spread?

HMPV spreads in a similar way to other respiratory viruses, through:

• Direct contact with an infected person
• Close contact with respiratory droplets produced during coughing or sneezing
• Touching contaminated surfaces (fomites) and then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes [2]

When is HMPV Most Common?

While HMPV infections can occur year-round, they are most common during the winter and spring months [1]. Recent data indicates a surge in cases in several states, including California and New Jersey [3].

Diagnosis and Treatment

Your healthcare provider can test for HMPV, but there is currently no specific treatment for the virus [1], [3]. Treatment focuses on supportive care, such as:

• Rest
• Drinking plenty of fluids
• Over-the-counter medications to relieve symptoms
• Oxygen therapy in severe cases [3]

Prevention

Preventing the spread of HMPV involves practicing good hygiene:

• Wash your hands frequently with soap and water.
• Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces.
• Avoid close contact with people who are sick.
• Stay home when you are sick.

Who is at Highest Risk?

While most people experience mild symptoms, certain groups are at higher risk of severe illness from HMPV:

• Infants and young children, especially those under 2 years of age
• Older adults (65 years and older)
• Individuals with weakened immune systems
• People with chronic heart or lung disease [2]

Current Situation in the US

As of February 21st, HMPV accounted for just over 5% of weekly reported positive tests for respiratory viruses in the US [3]. Wastewater surveillance data shows high levels of HMPV in Northern California, including Sacramento, Davis, Vallejo, and San Francisco [2].

Staying informed and taking preventative measures can help protect you and your community from HMPV.