Influenza D and Canine Coronavirus: Emerging Respiratory Threats

As the world continues to grapple with the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists are increasingly focused on identifying and understanding emerging respiratory viruses that could pose the next public health challenge. Two viruses, influenza D and canine coronavirus (CoV-HuPn-2018), are gaining attention for their potential to cause future human epidemics, despite currently receiving limited surveillance and diagnostic attention.

Influenza D Virus: A Growing Concern

Influenza D virus was first identified in 2011 and is primarily associated with infections in pigs, and cattle. However, it has likewise been detected in a variety of other livestock and wildlife, including poultry, deer, giraffes, and kangaroos [1]. The virus is believed to contribute to bovine respiratory disease, which costs the U.S. Cattle industry an estimated $1 billion annually [2].

Studies of cattle workers in Colorado and Florida have revealed surprisingly high rates of exposure, with up to 97% carrying antibodies to influenza D virus [2]. Importantly, these infections have so far been subclinical, meaning they haven’t caused noticeable symptoms. However, researchers note that influenza D virus possesses characteristics suggesting it could rapidly evolve and potentially cause illness in humans [2], [3].

Canine Coronavirus (CoV-HuPn-2018)

Canine coronavirus HuPn-2018 is another emerging respiratory virus that has been identified as a potential threat. Like influenza D, it is currently under-surveilled and lacks dedicated diagnostics [1]. The virus has an animal origin and researchers warn that conditions are ripe for wider spread among humans if surveillance and diagnostics don’t improve [2].

The Need for Increased Surveillance and Preparedness

Experts emphasize that the lack of attention given to these viruses is concerning, particularly in light of past pandemics caused by novel influenza and coronaviruses [1]. If these viruses were to acquire the ability to easily transmit from person to person, they could potentially cause epidemics or even pandemics, given the general lack of immunity in the human population [2].

Shahbaz Salehi, MD, MPH, MSHIA, suggests that public health agencies should require hospitals and clinics to participate in a unified, real-time information exchange platform to improve early detection and resource coordination [4]. This would allow for quicker responses to emerging threats rather than reactive measures.

Key Takeaways

• Influenza D virus and canine coronavirus are emerging respiratory viruses with the potential to cause human epidemics.
• Both viruses are currently under-surveilled and lack dedicated diagnostics.
• High rates of exposure to influenza D have been observed in cattle workers, though infections have been subclinical so far.
• Increased surveillance, diagnostic development, and improved information sharing are crucial for preparedness.