What Is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of more than 200 related viruses that can cause warts and certain cancers, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). It is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally, with over 100 million new cases reported annually, per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

What Are the Types of HPV?

HPV is categorized into low-risk and high-risk types. Low-risk strains, such as HPV 6 and 11, cause genital warts, while high-risk types, including HPV 16 and 18, are linked to cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) notes that approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases are caused by HPV 16 and 18.

How Is HPV Transmitted?

HPV spreads through direct skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. The CDC emphasizes that transmission can occur even if an infected person shows no symptoms. The virus can also be passed from mother to child during childbirth, though this is rare.

What Are the Symptoms of HPV?

Most HPV infections are asymptomatic and resolve on their own. However, persistent infections with high-risk types can lead to cellular changes that may progress to cancer. Genital warts, which appear as small bumps or irregular growths, are visible signs of low-risk HPV. The NCI states that cervical cancer often has no early symptoms, underscoring the importance of regular screening.

How Is HPV Diagnosed?

Diagnosis involves Pap tests (Papanicolaou tests) and HPV DNA tests for cervical cancer screening. The FDA-approved HPV test detects high-risk strains, while the Pap test identifies abnormal cervical cells. For other areas, such as the anus or mouth, biopsies may be required, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS).

What Are the Prevention Strategies?

Vaccination is the most effective prevention method. The CDC recommends the HPV vaccine for adolescents aged 11–12, with catch-up doses available for adults up to age 26. The WHO reports that the vaccine can prevent up to 90% of cervical cancers. Condom use reduces, but does not eliminate, transmission risk.

What Treatments Are Available?

There is no cure for HPV itself, but treatments address symptoms and complications. Genital warts can be removed through cryotherapy or topical medications. Cervical precancerous lesions are treated with procedures like loop electrosurgical excision (LEEP). The ACS notes that early detection through screening significantly improves outcomes.

Why Does HPV Matter?

HPV is a leading cause of preventable cancers, yet vaccination rates remain below target in many regions. The WHO aims to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem by 2030, prioritizing vaccination and screening. Public health campaigns emphasize education to reduce stigma and improve access to care.