Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of more than 200 related viruses, some of which are transmitted through sexual contact and can lead to cancer. While most infections clear on their own, persistent high-risk strains cause nearly all cases of cervical cancer. Vaccination is the most effective prevention method for all genders, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
What is HPV and how does it spread?
HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States, according to the CDC. The virus spreads through intimate skin-to-skin contact, most commonly during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Because the virus can be present without symptoms, many people contract it without knowing. While the immune system typically clears the virus within two years, persistent infection with high-risk HPV types can cause cellular changes that lead to cancers of the cervix, throat, anus, penis, and vulva, as stated by the National Cancer Institute (NCI).
Can men get HPV?
Yes, men can contract HPV, and they are just as likely to be infected as women. According to the American Cancer Society, most men who contract the virus never develop symptoms or health complications. However, certain high-risk strains can lead to penile, anal, and oropharyngeal (throat) cancers in men. Additionally, low-risk strains of the virus can cause genital warts. Because there is no routine, approved screening test for HPV in men, vaccination remains the primary strategy for preventing infection and the associated health risks.
Do I still need cervical screening if I am vaccinated?
Yes, cervical cancer screening remains essential regardless of vaccination status. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) emphasizes that while the HPV vaccine (Gardasil 9) protects against the types of HPV that cause most cervical cancers, it does not cover every single high-risk strain. Regular screening—typically via a Pap test, an HPV test, or both—detects precancerous changes early when they are most treatable. Clinical guidelines recommend that most women begin cervical cancer screening at age 21, continuing through age 65, depending on individual health history and prior results.
How the HPV vaccine prevents disease
The HPV vaccine works by triggering an immune response that prepares the body to fight the virus if exposed later in life. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the vaccine is most effective when administered before the onset of sexual activity.
| Feature | HPV Vaccine | Cervical Screening |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Purpose | Prevention of initial infection | Early detection of precancerous cells |
| Target Audience | All genders (ideally ages 9–12) | Women (starting at age 21) |
| Method | Injection | Pap test or HPV DNA test |
Frequently Asked Questions
- Is the HPV vaccine safe? Yes. According to the [CDC](https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/hcp/vaccine-safety/index.html), the vaccine has undergone extensive testing and ongoing safety monitoring, with data showing a strong safety profile over more than 15 years of use.
- Is there an age limit for the vaccine? The FDA has approved the HPV vaccine for individuals through age 45. While it is most effective when given before exposure, older adults may still benefit from the vaccine after discussing it with their healthcare provider.
- Can I get HPV even if I have only had one partner? Yes. Because HPV is so common, it is possible to contract the virus early in life or from a partner who was previously exposed, even if you have had a limited number of sexual partners.
Vaccination and regular screening are complementary tools. While the vaccine significantly reduces the risk of contracting high-risk strains, screening provides a necessary secondary layer of defense to ensure any cellular abnormalities are identified and managed before they progress to cancer.