New Research Links Tissue Stiffness to Rising Rates of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer

A new study co-led by researchers at UT Dallas and UT Southwestern Medical Center has identified a potential key factor in the increasing incidence of colorectal cancer among individuals under 50: the mechanical stiffness of colon tissue. The findings, published in the journal Advanced Science, suggest that increased stiffness may create an environment that promotes tumor development in younger patients.

The Rise of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is now the leading cause of cancer death for adults under 50 in the United States, according to the American Cancer Society. This rise in early-onset cases has puzzled medical professionals, prompting investigations into potential causes beyond traditional risk factors.

What the Study Found

Researchers analyzed tissue samples from colorectal cancer patients, comparing those diagnosed before age 50 with those diagnosed at a traditional age (over 50). They discovered that both cancerous and non-cancerous colon tissue was significantly stiffer in the younger patients. This rigidity is attributed to an excess of collagen and fibrotic processes – essentially, scarring – that reduce the colon wall’s flexibility.

Further testing using 3D organoids confirmed that a mechanically rigid environment accelerates the proliferation of tumor cells, making them more aggressive. “This is the first study to highlight the key role of biomechanical forces in the pathogenesis of early-onset colorectal cancer,” said Dr. Jacopo Ferruzzi, assistant professor of bioengineering at UT Dallas and lead author of the research.

The Role of Biomechanical Forces

The study suggests that biomechanical forces, previously underappreciated in colorectal cancer development, play a crucial role, particularly in younger individuals. Understanding how these forces contribute to cancer progression could lead to new strategies for prevention and treatment.

Future Directions and Potential Treatments

The collaborative research, conducted at the Texas Instruments Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Building, represents a shift towards applying physical principles to biological challenges. Researchers hope to identify individuals at risk of early-onset colorectal cancer by assessing tissue stiffness. Potential treatments could focus on “softening” the extracellular environment to leisurely tumor growth.

“We consider this study a significant advancement toward identifying those at risk of early-onset colorectal cancer and finding new ways to treat them,” said Dr. Emina H. Huang, executive vice chair of research for surgery at UT Southwestern Medical Center.

UT Southwestern’s Comprehensive Colorectal Cancer Care

UT Southwestern Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center in Dallas offers a comprehensive approach to colorectal cancer care, including specialized programs for young adults. The Division of Colorectal Surgery at UT Southwestern provides clinical coverage at Parkland Hospital, Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and UT Southwestern University Hospitals. They are committed to expanding services, including multimodality therapy, genetic counseling, and testing for hereditary colorectal cancer .