Fehr, E. & Camerer, C. F. Social neuroeconomics: the neural circuitry of social preferences. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11, 419–427 (2007).
Google Scholar
Krueger, F., Grafman, J. & McCabe, K. Neural correlates of economic game playing. Philosophical Trans. Royal Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 363, 3859–3874 (2008).
Google Scholar
Lehmann, K., Böckler, A., Klimecki, O., Müller-Liebmann, C. & Kanske, P. Empathy and correct mental state inferences both promote prosociality. Sci. Rep. 12, 16979 (2022).
Google Scholar
Gross, J. T., Stern, J. A., Brett, B. E. & Cassidy, J. The multifaceted nature of prosocial behavior in children: links with attachment theory and research. Soc. Dev. 26, 661–678 (2017).
Google Scholar
Fonagy, P. & Allison, E. In Minding the Child 11–34 (Routledge, 2013).
Zhang, H., Gao, X., Liang, Y., Yao, Q. & Wei, Q. Does child maltreatment reduce or increase empathy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma. Violence Abuse. 25, 166–182 (2024).
Google Scholar
Yang, L. & Huang, M. Childhood maltreatment and mentalizing capacity: A meta-analysis. Child Abuse Negl. 149, 106623 (2024).
Google Scholar
Lippard, E. T. & Nemeroff, C. B. The devastating clinical consequences of child abuse and neglect: increased disease vulnerability and poor treatment response in mood disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry. 180, 548–564 (2023).
Google Scholar
Organization, W. H. Child maltreatment, (2024). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment
Hillis, S., Mercy, J., Amobi, A. & Kress, H. Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: a systematic review and minimum estimates. Pediatrics 137, e20154079 (2016).
Google Scholar
Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Alink, L. R. & van IJzendoorn, M. H. The prevalence of child maltreatment across the globe: review of a series of meta‐analyses. Child Abuse Rev. 24, 37–50 (2015).
Google Scholar
Feit, M., Joseph, J. & Petersen, A. C. New directions in child abuse and neglect research. (2014).
Fereidooni, F., Daniels, J. K. & Lommen, M. J. Childhood maltreatment and revictimization: A systematic literature review. Trauma. Violence Abuse. 25, 291–305 (2024).
Google Scholar
Giourou, E. et al. Complex posttraumatic stress disorder: the need to consolidate a distinct clinical syndrome or to Reevaluate features of psychiatric disorders following interpersonal trauma? World J. Psychiatry. 8, 12 (2018).
Google Scholar
Decety, J. The neural pathways, development and functions of empathy. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 3, 1–6 (2015).
Google Scholar
Vachon, D. D. & Lynam, D. R. Fixing the problem with empathy: development and validation of the affective and cognitive measure of empathy. Assessment 23, 135–149 (2016).
Google Scholar
Atak, H., Jencius, M., Albay, A., Karatekin, S. & Tuzcuoğlu, F. K. Schadenfreude: A conceptual review. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. 17, 598–622 (2024).
Google Scholar
Davidov, M. et al. Empathy development from birth to three: advances in knowledge from 2000 to 2025. Infant Behav. Dev. 81, 102144 (2025).
Google Scholar
Farrant, B. M., Devine, T. A., Maybery, M. T. & Fletcher, J. Empathy, perspective taking and prosocial behaviour: the importance of parenting practices. Infant Child. Dev. 21, 175–188 (2012).
Google Scholar
Gordon, M. Roots of empathy: responsive parenting, caring societies. Keio J. Med. 52, 236–243 (2003).
Google Scholar
Roberts, W. & Strayer, J. Empathy, emotional expressiveness, and prosocial behavior. Child Dev. 67, 449–470 (1996).
Google Scholar
Wagers, K. B. & Kiel, E. J. The influence of parenting and temperament on empathy development in toddlers. J. Fam. Psychol. 33, 391 (2019).
Google Scholar
Decety, J. & Holvoet, C. The emergence of empathy: A developmental neuroscience perspective. Dev. Rev. 62, 100999 (2021).
Google Scholar
Levy, J., Goldstein, A. & Feldman, R. The neural development of empathy is sensitive to caregiving and early trauma. Nat. Commun. 10, 1905 (2019).
Google Scholar
Meidan, A., Shalev, I. & Uzefovsky, F. The role of maltreatment risk in the interplay between maternal and child’s empathy over time. Child Maltreatment (2025). https://doi.org/10.1177/10775595251337074
Kahhale, I., Byrd, A. & Hanson, J. Early life adversity and empathy: A scoping review of past research and recommendations for future directions. Clinical Child. Family Psychol. Review. 28, 275–321 (2025).
Bateman, A. W. & Fonagy, P. Mentalization-based treatment of BPD. J. Personal. Disord. 18, 36–51 (2004).
Google Scholar
Choi-Kain, L. W., Gunderson, J. G. & Mentalization Ontogeny, assessment, and application in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry. 165, 1127–1135 (2008).
Google Scholar
Dimitrijević, A., Hanak, N. & Altaras Dimitrijević, A. Jolić Marjanović, Z. The mentalization scale (MentS): A self-report measure for the assessment of mentalizing capacity. J. Pers. Assess. 100, 268–280 (2018).
Google Scholar
Wu, H., Liu, X., Hagan, C. C. & Mobbs, D. Mentalizing during social interaction: A four component model. Cortex 126, 242–252 (2020).
Google Scholar
Dubé, G. et al. Mentalisation et comportements extério-risés Chez les Enfants d’âge scolaire hébergés En centre jeunesse: Une étude exploratoire. Revue De psychoéducation. 48, 347–371 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hooker, C. I., Verosky, S. C., Germine, L. T., Knight, R. T. & D’Esposito, M. Mentalizing about emotion and its relationship to empathy. Soc. Cognit. Affect. Neurosci. 3, 204–217 (2008).
Google Scholar
Kim, S. The Mind in the making: developmental and Neurobiological origins of mentalizing. Personality Disorders: Theory Res. Treat. 6, 356 (2015).
Google Scholar
Lapointe, F. Regard Sur Le développement De La Mentalisation Chez Les Enfants Victimes De Traumas Complexes (Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2023).
Luyten, P. & Fonagy, P. Mentalizing and trauma. Handb. Mentalizing Mental Health Pract. 2, 79–99 (2019).
Google Scholar
Francoeur, A. et al. Social cognition as mediator of romantic breakup adjustment in young adults who experienced childhood maltreatment. J. Aggress. Maltreatment Trauma. 29, 1125–1142 (2020).
Google Scholar
Rilling, J. K. & Sanfey, A. G. The neuroscience of social decision-making. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 62, 23–48 (2011).
Google Scholar
Camerer, C. F. Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction (Princeton University Press, 2011).
Böckler, A., Tusche, A. & Singer, T. The structure of human prosociality: differentiating altruistically motivated, norm motivated, strategically motivated, and self-reported prosocial behavior. Social Psychol. Personality Sci. 7, 530–541 (2016).
Google Scholar
Brañas-Garza, P., Espín, A. M., Herrmann, B., Kujal, P. & Nagel, R. Vol. 10 243 (2016). (Frontiers Media SA.
Peysakhovich, A., Nowak, M. A. & Rand, D. G. Humans display a ‘cooperative phenotype’that is domain general and temporally stable. Nat. Commun. 5, 4939 (2014).
Google Scholar
Espinosa, L., Golkar, A. & Olsson, A. in The neural basis of mentalizing 517–536Springer, (2021).
Luo, Y. et al. Early childhood investment impacts social decision-making four decades later. Nat. Commun. 9, 4705 (2018).
Google Scholar
Raby, K. L. et al. The legacy of early abuse and neglect for social and academic competence from childhood to adulthood. Child Dev. 90, 1684–1701 (2019).
Google Scholar
Degli Esposti, M., Pereira, S. M. P., Humphreys, D. K., Sale, R. D. & Bowes, L. Child maltreatment and the risk of antisocial behaviour: A population-based cohort study spanning 50 years. Child Abuse Negl. 99, 104281 (2020).
Google Scholar
Afifi, T. O., Fortier, J., Sareen, J. & Taillieu, T. Associations of harsh physical punishment and child maltreatment in childhood with antisocial behaviors in adulthood. JAMA Netw. open. 2, e187374–e187374 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ran, G., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Q., Li, J. & Chen, J. The association between child abuse and aggressive behavior: A three-level meta-analysis. Trauma. Violence Abuse. 24, 3461–3475 (2023).
Google Scholar
Stormo, J. J., Ortiz-Barreda, G. & Hollekim, R. Relational experiences as explanatory factors for the development of criminal and antisocial behavior: A scoping review. Adolesc. Res. Rev. 2, 213–227 (2017).
Google Scholar
Vachon, D. D., Lynam, D. R. & Johnson, J. A. The (non) relation between empathy and aggression: surprising results from a meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 140, 751 (2014).
Google Scholar
De Vignemont, F. & Singer, T. The empathic brain: how, when and why? Trends Cogn. Sci. 10, 435–441 (2006).
Google Scholar
Fonagy, P., Campbell, C. & Luyten, P. Mentalizing. (2017).
Civai, C. & Sanfey, A. In the Neural Basis of Mentalizing 503–516 (Springer, 2021).
Singer, T. & Fehr, E. The neuroeconomics of Mind reading and empathy. Am. Econ. Rev. 95, 340–345 (2005).
Google Scholar
Yu, G., Li, S. & Zhao, F. Childhood maltreatment and prosocial behavior among Chinese adolescents: roles of empathy and gratitude. Child Abuse Negl. 101, 104319 (2020).
Google Scholar
Masui, K. Interactional effects of adverse childhood experiences, psychopathy, and everyday sadism on internet trolling. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 214, 112327 (2023).
Google Scholar
Schwarzer, N. H., Nolte, T., Fonagy, P. & Gingelmaier, S. Mentalizing mediates the association between emotional abuse in childhood and potential for aggression in non-clinical adults. Child Abuse Negl. 115, 105018 (2021).
Google Scholar
Hepp, J., Schmitz, S. E., Urbild, J., Zauner, K. & Niedtfeld, I. Childhood maltreatment is associated with distrust and negatively biased emotion processing. Borderline Personality Disorder Emot. Dysregulation. 8, 5 (2021).
Google Scholar
Bernstein, D. P. et al. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse Negl. 27, 169–190 (2003).
Google Scholar
Spinhoven, P. et al. Childhood trauma questionnaire: factor structure, measurement invariance, and validity across emotional disorders. Psychol. Assess. 26, 717 (2014).
Google Scholar
Callaway, F., Hardy, M. & Griffiths, T. L. Optimal nudging for cognitively bounded agents: A framework for modeling, predicting, and controlling the effects of choice architectures. Psychol. Rev. 130, 1457 (2023).
Google Scholar
Pulford, B. D., Colman, A. M. & Loomes, G. Incentive magnitude effects in experimental games: bigger is not necessarily better. Games 9, 4 (2018).
Google Scholar
IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 29.0. Armonk, NY, (2022).
Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. Roy. Stat. Soc.: Ser. B (Methodol.). 57, 289–300 (1995).
Google Scholar
Hayes, A. F. Introduction To mediation, moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A regression-based Approach (Guilford, 2017).
Fehr, E. & Fischbacher, U. Third-party punishment and social norms. Evol. Hum. Behav. 25, 63–87 (2004).
Google Scholar
Charness, G., Cobo-Reyes, R. & Jiménez, N. An investment game with third-party intervention. J. Econ. Behav. Organ. 68, 18–28 (2008).
Google Scholar
Jordan, J. J. & Rand, D. G. Signaling when no one is watching: A reputation heuristics account of outrage and punishment in one-shot anonymous interactions. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 118, 57 (2020).
Google Scholar
Moshagen, M., Hilbig, B. E. & Zettler, I. The dark core of personality. Psychol. Rev. 125, 656 (2018).
Google Scholar
Lange, J. & Boecker, L. Schadenfreude as social-functional dominance regulator. Emotion 19, 489 (2019).
Google Scholar
Erzi, S. Dark triad and schadenfreude: mediating role of moral disengagement and relational aggression. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 157, 109827 (2020).
Google Scholar
Spector, P. E. Do not cross me: optimizing the use of cross-sectional designs. J. Bus. Psychol. 34, 125–137 (2019).
Google Scholar
Paulhus, D. & Vazire, S. The self-report method In Robins RW, Fraley RC, & Krueger RF (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp. 224–239). New York, NY: Guilford Press.[Google Scholar] (2007).
Viola, T. W. et al. The influence of geographical and economic factors in estimates of childhood abuse and neglect using the childhood trauma questionnaire: A worldwide meta-regression analysis. Child Abuse Negl. 51, 1–11 (2016).
Google Scholar
Russotti, J. et al. Child maltreatment and the development of psychopathology: the role of developmental timing and chronicity. Child Abuse Negl. 120, 105215 (2021).
Google Scholar
Dalgleish, T. & Werner-Seidler, A. Disruptions in autobiographical memory processing in depression and the emergence of memory therapeutics. Trends Cogn. Sci. 18, 596–604 (2014).
Google Scholar
Goltermann, J. et al. Temporal stability and state-dependence of retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment in healthy and depressed adults. Psychol. Assess. 35, 12 (2023).
Google Scholar
Berthelot, N. et al. Resolving trauma: the unique contribution of trauma-specific mentalization to maternal insightfulness. Dev. Psychopathol. 37, 1280–1293 (2025).
Google Scholar
Berthelot, N. & Garon-Bissonnette, J. Characterizing the heterogeneity of disruptions in the resolution of trauma among women exposed to childhood maltreatment. Dev. Psychopathol. 37, 1176–1189 (2025).
Google Scholar
date: 2026-02-14 05:43:00