Trump Launches New Trade Investigations Targeting China, EU, and Others

The Trump administration has announced a series of new trade investigations targeting China, Mexico, the European Union, and over a dozen other economies. These investigations, conducted under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, aim to replace tariffs recently deemed illegal by the Supreme Court.

Supreme Court Ruling and Shift to Section 301

The investigations follow a recent 6-3 Supreme Court ruling that found President Trump was not authorized by the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) to impose tariffs . U.S. Trade Representative Jamieson Greer stated the probes will utilize Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, which allows the U.S. To impose tariffs on goods from countries found to be engaging in unfair trade practices .

Focus of the Investigations

The Section 301 probes will focus on “structural excess capacity and production in manufacturing sectors” . Greer indicated the investigations are likely to expand to include additional nations. The administration intends to maintain its trade policy of protecting American jobs and ensuring fair trade with partners .

EU-China Trade Dispute and Anti-Suit Injunctions

These new investigations occur alongside ongoing trade disputes, such as the European Union’s challenge to China’s anti-suit injunctions (ASIs) for standard essential patents (SEPs). In April 2025, the EU lost its case at the World Trade Organization (WTO) regarding these ASIs, and is currently appealing the decision , . China’s Supreme People’s Court previously ruled that Chinese courts can prohibit patent holders from pursuing enforcement in non-Chinese courts, with potential daily fines of 1 million RMB for violations .

Looking Ahead

Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent anticipates that U.S. Tariffs will return to pre-Supreme Court ruling levels by August . The outcome of these new Section 301 investigations will determine the future of trade relations with key global partners and the potential for new tariffs.