Russia’s Anti-War Movements Evolve as Conflict Drags On
As Russia’s invasion of Ukraine enters its fifth year, exiled Russian anti-war movements are shifting their focus from immediate crisis response to long-term strategies aimed at transforming Russian society. Initially galvanized by the urgency of the war in 2022, these groups are now grappling with activist burnout, internal challenges, and increased repression from the Kremlin, while simultaneously expanding their reach through international collaboration.
From Evacuation to Systemic Change
In the early stages of the conflict, groups like New Tuva played a critical role in helping Russian citizens evade conscription and escape the front lines. New Tuva, an Indigenous anti-war group, has assisted as many as 400 draft-eligible Tyvans in avoiding military service since the full-scale invasion began.1 The organization even facilitated the desertion of two conscripts from frontline positions in July 2022.1
However, the priorities of these movements are evolving. Activists are now concentrating on longer-term goals focused on transforming Russian society and building communities in exile. This shift comes as the initial surge of urgency gives way to the realities of a protracted conflict and the challenges of sustaining activism over time.
Repression and Adaptation
The Russian government has increasingly cracked down on anti-war activism. In November 2024, New Tuva was officially designated a “terrorist” organization, a move that criminalizes cooperation with the group and has forced its activities inside Russia underground.1 Despite this repression, New Tuva continues to operate, with most of its remaining members now working in exile and focusing on international cooperation.
Other groups, such as Free Buryatia Foundation and Free Yakutia Foundation, have also been labeled “terrorist” by Russia.1
The Rise of a Diaspora-Led Movement
The anti-war movement is increasingly driven by the Russian diaspora. Groups like Russi Contro la Guerra in Italy emerged from informal networks of Russian emigres following the invasion.1 Initially focused on protests, humanitarian aid, and assisting Ukrainian and Russian refugees, Russi Contro la Guerra is now prioritizing the creation of a cohesive anti-war diaspora and building connections among Russians in exile who share these values.
This trend is mirrored by other groups, with Free Buryatia Foundation and Free Yakutia Foundation also turning toward global partnerships and diaspora engagement. Free Buryatia, for example, has processed around 10,000 requests for help with terminating military contracts, evacuation, and political asylum.1
Challenges and Internal Shifts
The path forward isn’t without obstacles. Activist burnout and internal divisions have taken a toll on several organizations. Free Buryatia experienced a mass exodus of co-founders in 2023, leading to the formation of new organizations.1 Similarly, the Serbian cell of Feminist Anti-War Resistance (FAR) faced delays and internal conflict during a revival attempt.
A Moral Imperative
Despite these challenges, activists remain committed to their cause. They view their work as a moral duty to both those who remain in Russia and to the broader cause of opposing the war. FAR’s “passed on from Russia” initiative, which involves bringing anonymous messages from people inside Russia to protests abroad, highlights the importance of amplifying voices within the country.1
Sholbaana Kuular, a co-founder of New Tuva, emphasized the importance of preserving the voices of those inside Russia who oppose the war, stating that their work lays the groundwork for a future where civil society in Tuva can act openly again.1
As of February 2026, the Republic of Tuva has suffered disproportionately high losses in the war, with 1,730 soldiers confirmed killed, representing the highest casualty rate relative to its working-age population among Russia’s regions.1
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