Summary: New research highlights how ayahuasca’s long-term mental health outcomes depend heavily on individual mental health history and the environment in which it is used. While the psychedelic has shown promise in easing anxiety and depression, adverse mental states—such as feelings of disconnection or hopelessness—were more common among users with pre-existing conditions or those in unsupportive, non-traditional settings.
Interestingly, some negative experiences, like visual distortions, were linked to positive outcomes later on, suggesting that so-called adverse effects may hold therapeutic value. The study, analyzing data from over 10,000 users, underscores the importance of supportive, communal, and spiritually significant environments to optimize benefits and minimize harm.
Key Facts:
- Context Matters: Ayahuasca’s mental health benefits are more likely when used in supportive, traditional group settings.
- History Shapes Response: Users with anxiety or depression histories reported more negative mental states after use, though not all were harmful long term.
- Adverse vs. Therapeutic: Some “adverse” effects, like visual distortions, were linked to better mental health later, suggesting they may serve therapeutic roles.
Source: PLOS
Mounting evidence supports ayahuasca’s potential to improve mental health, but its long-term effects are shaped by both individual mental health history and the context in which the psychedelic is used, according to a study published on April 30, 2025 in the open-access journal PLOS Mental Health by Óscar Andión from Research Sherpas, Spain; José Carlos Bouso from the International Centre for Ethnobotanical Education, Research, and Services (ICEERS) and the University of Rovira i Virgili, Spain; Daniel Perkins from the University of Melbourne and Swinburne University; and colleagues.
Ayahuasca, a psychedelic medicine traditionally used by Indigenous communities in South America, has received increasing interest from Western researchers and clinicians for its potential mental health benefits, but its potential risks and adverse effects remain understudied.
In a previous review of adverse effects reported in a global survey of ayahuasca ceremony participants, José Carlos Bouso, Andión, and colleagues found that over half reported adverse mental states after ayahuasca use, with greater adverse experiences associated with a history of mental illness and using the drug in non-traditional settings.
Importantly, potential adverse effects reported ranged from visual distortions or hallucinations to “feeling down, depressed, or hopeless”, “feeling disconnected or alone”, and “feeling energetically attacked”.
In their new analysis, the authors applied machine learning and classical statistical approaches to the same dataset to better understand the mediating factors shaping the relationship between adverse events and mental health outcomes in ayahuasca users.
The survey included 10,836 participants, of whom 5,400 with complete data were included in the final analysis. Among these, 14.2% had a prior anxiety disorder and 19.7% a prior depressive disorder.
Although the Global Ayahuasca Survey reflects a large, diverse population of users, it was voluntary and administered potentially years after an individual’s ayahuasca experience, introducing self-selection and recall biases.
The researchers found that participants with a history of anxiety or depression, as well as those using ayahuasca in non-traditional settings, were more likely to report adverse mental states after use.
Some “adverse effects” like visual distortions, however, were associated with significantly better mental health outcomes reported in the present.
Adverse effects like “feeling down”, “feeling disconnected”, and “feeling energetically attacked” however, were associated with poorer mental health in participants in the longer term.
The authors suggest that the context in which ayahuasca is used, as well as factors like age and mental health history, influence whether an individual experiences psychological benefits following an ayahuasca experience, and note that “adverse” effects of ayahuasca may be subjective.
Their findings appear to indicate that it would be more beneficial to use ayahuasca under the supervision of experienced users who can provide additional support to those with a history of depression, who may otherwise face a higher risk of negative outcomes.
They propose that, while psychedelics are becoming increasingly medicalized, ayahuasca is most often consumed in group or community settings. Therefore, future studies should examine the effects of ayahuasca use in these real-life communal contexts.
Dr. José Carlos Bouso notes: “What stood out most to us was the significant difference in mental health outcomes between users who had supportive environments [during their use] and those who didn’t.
“This emphasizes the importance of a responsible and well-prepared setting for those seeking healing through ayahuasca.”
The authors add: “Our study reveals that the post-ayahuasca mental states, traditionally seen as adverse, can contribute to improved mental health, especially in individuals with previous anxiety and depressive disorders.
“This suggests the need for a more nuanced understanding of these states as potentially beneficial experiences.”
Additional quotes:
On the Research Process:
“The insights gathered from the Global Ayahuasca Survey (GAS) provided a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between ayahuasca use and mental health outcomes. It was particularly interesting to see how the setting, preparation, and integration practices play a pivotal role in shaping the overall experience” (Dr. José Carlos Bouso).
On the use of ayahuasca:
“Ayahuasca use, when experienced in safe, supportive environments, may offer therapeutic benefits, particularly for individuals with a history of mood disorders, highlighting the importance of the ceremony’s setting and the role of facilitators.”
On the role of spirituality:
“Our research also highlights that the spiritual significance of ayahuasca ceremonies plays a protective role, reducing adverse emotional states like anxiety, depression, and disconnection, thus contributing to overall mental health improvement.
About this psychopharmacology and mental health research news
Table of Contents
- Setting and Mindset Shape ayahuasca’s Mental Health Effects
- The Power of Setting: Creating a Safe and Supportive Environment
- The Importance of Mindset: Entering the Experience with Intention and Openness
- The Role of Integration: Making Meaning and Sustaining Change
- Ayahuasca and Mental Health: Potential Benefits and Risks
- Finding Reputable facilitators and Centers
- Ayahuasca: A First-Hand Experience
- The Future of Ayahuasca and Mental Health
Author: Charlotte Bhaskar
Source: PLOS
Contact: Charlotte Bhaskar – PLOS
Image: The image is credited to Neuroscience News
Original Research: Open access.
“A new insight into ayahuasca’s adverse effects: Reanalysis and perspectives on its mediating role in mental health from the Global Ayahuasca Survey (GAS)” by José Carlos Bouso et al. PLOS Mental Health
Abstract
A new insight into ayahuasca’s adverse effects: Reanalysis and perspectives on its mediating role in mental health from the Global Ayahuasca Survey (GAS)
Ayahuasca is a decoction native to the Amazon, where it plays a central role in the traditional medicine of many local cultures and has expanded internationally over the last decades.
Ayahuasca has also attracted the interest of scientists for its potential benefits on mental health, but its adverse effects are under-researched.
We analyzed data from the Global Ayahuasca Survey, including 10,836 participants who rated predetermined adverse effects.
Data were collected from March 1st, 2017, to December 31st, 2019, and accessed for analysis on November 30th, 2021.
Only DP and JJS had access to identifiable participant data. Machine learning and statistical methods were used to examine the relationship between sample characteristics, post-ayahuasca adverse mental states, and mental health outcomes measured by the 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12).
Among participants, 14.2% (767) had a prior anxiety disorder and 19.7% (1,064) a depressive disorder. Despite this, the median SF-12 score was 50.16, comparable to the general population.
A history of anxiety or depression was associated with more adverse mental states after ayahuasca use.
However, increased experiences of “visual distortions” and higher ayahuasca use correlated with better mental health. Women reported more adverse states but did not show worsened mental health.
The classification of adverse mental states in psychedelic research should be reconsidered, as certain experiences traditionally labeled as negative may contribute to long-term psychological benefits.
The context in which these experiences occur, along with individual factors, plays a crucial role in determining whether these states lead to positive or negative outcomes.
Understanding these dynamics is essential for improving harm reduction strategies and maximizing therapeutic potential. Individuals with a history of depression require special attention, as they are more prone to experiencing post-ayahuasca adverse mental states and may benefit from additional psychological support.
date:2025-05-04 13:29:00
Setting and Mindset Shape ayahuasca’s Mental Health Effects
Ayahuasca,a customary Amazonian brew containing DMT and MAO inhibitors,has garnered increasing attention for its potential to positively influence mental health.However, the experience and its resulting impact aren’t solely resolute by the chemical compounds themselves. The
The Power of Setting: Creating a Safe and Supportive Environment
The environment in which Ayahuasca is consumed significantly influences the experience. A safe and supportive setting can foster feelings of trust, openness, and vulnerability, which are frequently enough necessary for deep emotional processing. Conversely, a chaotic, unfamiliar, or threatening environment can induce anxiety and fear, perhaps leading to a difficult or even traumatizing experience. Consider these crucial elements of a positive
- Physical Safety: The location should be secure and free from potential hazards. This includes comfortable accommodations,access to clean water and nutritious food,and readily available first aid.
- Emotional Safety: A skilled and compassionate facilitator is essential.Their role is to provide guidance, support, and reassurance throughout the ceremony. They should create a space where participants feel comfortable expressing their emotions without judgment.
- Cultural Sensitivity: Respect for the indigenous traditions and practices surrounding Ayahuasca is paramount. This involves understanding the cultural context of the ceremony,the role of the shaman,and the appropriate etiquette.
- Mindful Aesthetics: the physical surroundings can also contribute to a positive experience. Natural settings, such as forests or jungles, are often preferred, as they can promote feelings of connection and harmony. Elements like soft lighting, soothing music, and natural decorations can also enhance the ambiance.
- Community Support: Sharing the experience with a supportive group of individuals can provide a sense of belonging and reduce feelings of isolation.Sharing circles and group integration sessions can be valuable resources for processing the experience.
Essential Factors for Physical Safety:
- Adequate space to move freely and lie down comfortably.
- Clean and readily available restroom facilities.
- First-aid kit and trained personnel to handle emergencies.
- Clearly defined boundaries and guidelines for interactions.
Building Emotional Safety Through Facilitation:
- Facilitators with extensive experience and training in trauma-informed care.
- Pre-ceremony consultations to address individual concerns and expectations.
- Clear explanations of the process and potential emotional challenges.
- Individual support and guidance throughout the ceremony.
The Importance of Mindset: Entering the Experience with Intention and Openness
An individual’s
- Setting Intentions: Clearly defining your intentions for the ceremony can help guide the experience. Are you seeking healing from past trauma? Do you want to gain clarity about your life purpose? Or are you simply curious about exploring altered states of consciousness? Writing down your intentions beforehand can definitely help focus your mind and direct your energy.
- Addressing Trauma: Ayahuasca can bring up repressed emotions and unresolved trauma. It’s essential to address any underlying mental health issues with a qualified therapist or counselor before participating in a ceremony. This can help you develop coping mechanisms and prepare for potential emotional challenges.
- Cultivating Openness: Approaching the experience with an open mind and a willingness to surrender to the process is crucial. resisting the visions or trying to control the experience can lead to anxiety and frustration. Trusting the medicine and allowing it to guide you can facilitate deeper insights and healing.
- Managing Expectations: It’s vital to have realistic expectations about the Ayahuasca experience.It’s not a magic bullet that will instantly solve all your problems. It’s a powerful tool that can facilitate profound healing and conversion, but it requires effort and integration.
- Preparation is Key: Diet, meditation, and self-reflection in the weeks leading up to the ceremony can significantly enhance the experience. Avoid alcohol, drugs, and processed foods, and focus on nourishing your body and mind.
Practical Tips for Cultivating a Positive Mindset:
- Journaling: Regularly write down your thoughts, feelings, and intentions.
- Meditation: Practise mindfulness meditation to cultivate present-moment awareness.
- Yoga or Tai Chi: Engage in practices that promote relaxation and body awareness.
- Therapy: Work with a therapist to address underlying mental health issues.
- Spending Time in Nature: Connect with the natural world to promote feelings of peace and well-being.
The Role of Integration: Making Meaning and Sustaining Change
The Ayahuasca ceremony is just one part of the journey.The real work begins after the experience, during the
- Journaling: Documenting your visions, insights, and emotions immediatly after the ceremony can help you remember and process the experience.
- Therapy or Counseling: Working with a therapist or counselor who is familiar with Ayahuasca can provide valuable support in integrating the experience.They can help you process difficult emotions, develop coping mechanisms, and make lasting changes.
- Support Groups: connecting with others who have had similar experiences can provide a sense of community and validation. Sharing your experiences and learning from others can be incredibly helpful.
- Creative Expression: Expressing your experience through art, music, or writing can be a powerful way to process and integrate the insights gained.
- Lifestyle Changes: Making positive changes to your diet, exercise routine, and relationships can help you sustain the benefits of the Ayahuasca experience.
Tools for Effective Integration
| Tool | Description | Benefit |
|---|---|---|
| Journaling | Daily or weekly writing about experiences and emotions. | Increased self-awareness and emotional processing. |
| Therapy | Professional guidance with a trained therapist. | Support for complex emotions and trauma integration. |
| Mindfulness | Regular meditation and present moment awareness. | Enhanced emotionalregulation and stress reduction. |
| Community | Connecting with a supportive group. | Reduces isolation and provides validation. |
Ayahuasca and Mental Health: Potential Benefits and Risks
Research suggests that Ayahuasca may offer potential benefits for a range of mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, PTSD, and addiction. However, it’s important to acknowledge the
- Reduced Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety: Ayahuasca has been shown to increase levels of serotonin and other neurotransmitters that are associated with mood regulation.
- Processing Trauma: Ayahuasca can facilitates deep emotional processing and releasing of past traumas.
- Increased Self-Awareness: Ayahuasca can provide insights into one’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, leading to greater self-understanding.
- Enhanced Spiritual Connection: Many people report feeling a deeper sense of connection to themselves,others,and the universe after an Ayahuasca experience.
- Breaking Addictive Patterns: Ayahuasca can help provide new insights into the root causes of addiction and break unhealthy patterns.
Some potential risks to consider:
- Psychological Distress: Ayahuasca can bring up difficult emotions and memories, which can be overwhelming for some individuals.
- Physical Side Effects: Ayahuasca can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and other physical side effects.
- interactions with Medications: ayahuasca can interact with certain medications, particularly antidepressants. It is crucial to consult with a doctor before participating in a ceremony if you are taking any medications.
- Lack of Regulation: The Ayahuasca industry is largely unregulated, which means that there is a risk of encountering untrained or unethical facilitators.
- Exacerbation of Existing Conditions: Ayahuasca can cause negative reaction if the user had some pre existing conditions before use.
Comparing Potential Benefits to Risks
| potential Benefits | Potential risks |
|---|---|
| Reduced Depression | Psychological Distress |
| Trauma Processing | Physical side Effects |
| increased Self-Awareness | Medication Interactions |
| Spiritual Connection | Untrained Facilitators |
| Breaking Addictive Patterns | Exacerbation of Existing Conditions |
Finding Reputable facilitators and Centers
Given the potential risks associated with Ayahuasca, it is crucial to find reputable facilitators and centers that prioritize safety, ethics, and cultural sensitivity. Here are some factors to consider when making your decision:
- Experience and Training: Look for facilitators who have extensive experience working with ayahuasca and who have received training in trauma-informed care, mental health, and cultural sensitivity. Ask about their qualifications and experience.
- Safety Protocols: Ensure that the center has clear safety protocols in place, including emergency procedures, medical support, and screening processes.
- References and Reviews: Check references and read reviews from previous participants to get a sense of their experiences. Look for patterns of positive or negative feedback.
- Ethical Practices: Make sure the retreat center follows ethical practices and respect cultural sensitivity.
- Integration Support: Choose a center that offers thorough integration support, including individual or group therapy, support groups, and resources for making positive lifestyle changes.
Ayahuasca: A First-Hand Experience
While scientific research and expert opinions provide valuable insights, sometimes the most impactful understanding comes from personal accounts. Here’s a summary of a fictional first-hand experience with Ayahuasca (note: this is a fictional example, and individual experiences vary greatly):
*Sarah*, a 35-year-old woman struggling with chronic anxiety and a sense of emptiness, sought an Ayahuasca experience after years of therapy yielded limited results. she spent months researching reputable centers and preparing mentally and physically through diet, meditation, and journaling. She chose a small, family-run center in the Peruvian Amazon, guided by a shaman with decades of experience.
During the ceremony,Sarah experienced intense visions – some frightening,some profoundly stunning. She confronted repressed childhood memories and felt a surge of emotions she had long suppressed. The shaman’s guidance and the supportive presence of the group helped her navigate these challenging moments.
In the weeks following the ceremony, Sarah dedicated herself to integration. She continued journaling, attended therapy sessions, and made important changes to her lifestyle, including prioritizing self-care and setting healthier boundaries in her relationships. She found that her anxiety significantly decreased,and she developed a newfound sense of purpose and connection to herself and the world around her.
sarah’s experience is just one example. It highlights the transformative potential of Ayahuasca when approached with intention, preparation, and a commitment to integration.however, it is essential to remember that experiences vary greatly, and diligent preparation and respect and caution are essential.
The Future of Ayahuasca and Mental Health
As research into Ayahuasca’s mental health benefits grows, it is imperative that studies continue to be done. The focus should be on responsible and regulated use within safe settings. This is particularly important in integrating traditional knowledge with western-based medical approaches.
- Need for More Research: More controlled studies are needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of Ayahuasca for different mental health conditions.
- Collaboration Between Disciplines: Collaboration between researchers, practitioners, and indigenous communities is essential.
- Ethical and Regulatory Frameworks: Development of ethical and regulatory frameworks to ensure safety, cultural sensitivity, and responsible use.
- Accessibility and Affordability: Efforts to make Ayahuasca-assisted therapy more accessible and affordable for those who could benefit from it.
By embracing a holistic approach that considers the setting, mindset, preparation, and integration process, we can maximize the potential benefits of Ayahuasca for mental health while minimizing risks, ensuring it is used safely and ethically.