Mpox in Brazil: Rising Cases and What You Necessitate to Know
As of March 5, 2026, Brazil has recorded 129 confirmed cases of mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) this year, according to the Ministry of Health’s monitoring panel. The majority of these cases are concentrated in São Paulo, accounting for 86 – or 66% – of the total. Other affected states include Rio de Janeiro (19), Roraima (10), Minas Gerais (7), Rio Grande do Norte (3), Rio Grande do Sul (3), and Paraná (2). Single cases have been identified in Sergipe, Santa Catarina, Paraíba, Goiás, Ceará, and the Federal District.
Increase in Cases
The number of confirmed mpox cases in Brazil has more than doubled between the latter half of February and March 5, 2026. In addition to the confirmed cases, 570 cases are currently under investigation, with 7 classified as probable. Importantly, no deaths related to mpox have been reported in Brazil this year. In 2025, the country recorded 1,079 cases and two fatalities.
Understanding Mpox
Mpox is a viral disease caused by the mpox virus, which belongs to the orthopoxvirus genus – the same family as the virus that causes smallpox 1. Initial symptoms typically include fever, headache, body aches, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes.
As the disease progresses, a characteristic rash develops. These skin lesions can appear on the face, genital region, perianal area, palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and mucous membranes. In severe cases, neurological and ocular complications can occur.
Viral Clades and Transmission
The mpox virus is categorized into two clades: 1 and 2, each with subclades (1a, 1b, 2a, and 2b). Clade 1a is commonly found in Central African countries, while clade 2b was initially detected in Nigeria 3. Symptoms associated with clade 1b tend to be more severe in individuals with compromised immune systems.
The primary mode of transmission is through direct, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. Transmission from animals is rare. The virus can enter the body through skin lesions, even those that are not visible, and potentially through mucous membranes (eyes, mouth, nose). Respiratory transmission is considered less common, but possible. There is also ongoing discussion regarding potential vertical transmission (from mother to fetus) 3.
Sexual transmission is possible, particularly among men who have sex with men, but the risk is not exclusive to this group. The disease can also be transmitted by asymptomatic individuals or those in the pre-symptomatic phase.
Prevention and Treatment
Preventive measures focus on avoiding skin-to-skin contact with individuals exhibiting symptoms. Those with active lesions should isolate themselves during the period of contagiousness. Frequent handwashing is also recommended.
Vaccination is an important preventative strategy. The Ministry of Health has prioritized vaccine access for individuals living with HIV/AIDS (with CD4 counts between 100 and 200 cells), those using PrEP, and healthcare professionals handling virus samples.
However, vaccine supplies have been insufficient to meet demand 4. Experts express concern that increased social contact during events like Carnival could lead to further spread.
The Ministry of Health emphasizes that the current mpox situation in Brazil does not constitute a crisis. The Unified Health System (SUS) is prepared to provide diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring, including epidemiological investigation and contact tracing 1.
What to Do If You Suspect Mpox
If you experience symptoms consistent with mpox, or if you have had close contact with a suspected or confirmed case, seek medical evaluation and isolate yourself until assessed by a healthcare professional.
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