EPA Rolls Back Ethylene Oxide Emission Limits, Sparking Health Concerns

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed rolling back Biden-era limits on emissions of ethylene oxide, a known carcinogen used in the sterilization of medical devices, on Friday, March 13, 2026. The move, according to the EPA, will save companies approximately $630 million over 20 years and safeguard the supply of essential medical equipment. But, environmental groups argue the rollback will expose more people to preventable health risks.

What is Ethylene Oxide?

Ethylene oxide (EtO) is a colorless gas used to sterilize approximately 50% of medical devices in the U.S. That cannot be cleaned by steam or radiation . It is as well used in the production of chemicals found in antifreeze, detergents, plastics, and adhesives. The EPA’s own scientific study previously found it to be 60 times more carcinogenic than previously thought .

The Rollback and its Justification

The EPA’s proposal targets updated rules for EtO emissions passed in 2024, following pressure from environmental justice groups, particularly in Louisiana’s “Cancer Alley.” The original rules aimed to reduce EtO released from commercial sterilizers by 90% and lessen hazards for nearby communities .

EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin stated the rollback is necessary to ensure the availability of life-saving medical devices . The agency argues that the technology to meet the stricter standards does not readily exist. Facilities will now have the option of installing continuous real-time monitoring systems or complying with modified pollution control requirements if they emit more than 10 tons a year .

Concerns from Environmental and Health Groups

Environmental and community groups strongly oppose the rollback, arguing that existing technology allows companies to comply with the stricter standards without raising costs. They point to the potential health risks associated with EtO exposure, including headaches, dizziness, nausea, respiratory irritation, and increased risk of cancers like non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and breast cancer .

According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, nearly 14 million people in the United States live within five miles of a commercial sterilization facility, and over 10,000 schools and childcare facilities are in those areas . These communities are often disproportionately comprised of people of color or non-English speakers.

Industry Support and Legal Challenges

The American Chemistry Council supports the EPA’s proposal, stating the original rule threatened access to vital medical products .

However, the rollback faces legal challenges. A lawsuit filed in January by the Southern Environmental Law Center and the Natural Resources Defense Council argues the EPA’s exemptions for EtO emissions were legally dubious .

What’s Next?

The EPA will accept public comments on the proposed rule for 45 days after its publication in the Federal Register. A final decision is expected later in 2026 . This action follows other moves by the Trump administration to roll back environmental regulations, including those governing emissions from coal power plants.